Yes.  Drywood termites can have their whole colony in a small piece of timber like a chair leg or bread board.  In something bigger like a bed, a door or a piano, you can have several colonies.  They can all fly and mate and start new colonies in your house.

Be sure to inspect all used furniture carefully.  Little holes and piles of frass (poo) are a sure sign.  Timber that sounds hollow when you tap it is also suspect.  Fumigation is the surest control method but be sure to seal up any kick holes to reduce the risk of reinfestation.